The Dream Argument by Rene Descartes Essay - 1008 Words

One of Rene Descartes’s most famous arguments, from his not only from his first meditation but all of the meditations, is his Dream Argument. Descartes believes that there is no way to be able to distinguish being in awake from being in a state of dreaming. In fact you could actually be in a dream right now. Rene Descartes’s theory that one is unable distinguish being awake from dreaming, as interesting as it is, can be at times a little farfetched, along with a few contradictions to himself, Descartes’s dream argument does not entitle himself to any sort of claim. Descartes wrote the Meditations on First Philosophy were first published in the year 1641 in Latin. There are six total Meditations that Descartes had written. One thing that†¦show more content†¦It is deception from the sense that causes this mistrust for Descartes and brings forth the Dream Argument. The human senses as well feel very real, just as they do in reality, and this is one of the first things that have Descartes question the differences between being awake and dream. Due to the trust issues it he becomes unsure of whether he is dreaming or not. When it comes to dreaming Descartes thinks that there could possibility that some certain God that may have easily deceived him in falsely believing in things could appear to be correct but are not. However Descartes says that it God is described as a supremely good being (Descartes, 21). God has always been a being that is worshiped and why would so many people worship an evil God if he brings no positives to their lives . Descartes however is not 100 percent positive on whether God is being deceptive or not being deceptive. James Hill says that â€Å"[the] key move that Descartes then makes is to highlight the lack of insight one has into one’s condition when dreaming. It is this lack of insight, and Descartes’ way of interpreting it, which forms the backbone of the dreaming argument† (Hill, 2). To shorten that down, the minimal explanations to why and how dreams occur is the foundation for Descartes’s Dream Argument. The main idea of Descartes is that there is no difference between being awake and dreaming. Descartes says there are no definite signs to differ dreaming from being awake. You could be possiblyShow MoreRelatedDescartes : The Father Of Modern Philosophy1055 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fact that I am something.† (Descartes, â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy,† 182) Rene Descartes is widely considered the father of modern philosophy. He created many new ideas about the self, which is something that has been contested since the dawn of philosophy. Even now, the world is nowhere near a unified thought on the soul. Descartes is most famous for addressing this, and is often summarized by the famous â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I am)†Descartes offers a great deal of importantRead MoreOn My Way670 Words   |  3 PagesRenà © Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. He was arguably known as the Father of Modern Philosophy. Descartes published many works of mathematics and philosophy throughout his life. In one of his most important works, Meditations on First Philosophy, he added a number of arguments for and against skepticism. Skepticism is the doubt about the truth of something and that absolute knowledge is not possible. Like past famous philosophers before him, Plato and ParmenidesRead MoreEss ay about Biography f Rene Descartes864 Words   |  4 PagesRene Descartes was a brilliant man who was born on March 31st, 1596. He was born in a small town in the South of France, named La Haye. Rene Descartes lived from 1596-1650. He was the son of an intellectual councilor in Parliament, named Joachim Descartes. His mother, Jeanne Brochard, died when he was only 1 years old. Rene Descartes was 8 years old when he attended the Jesuit College of Henry VI in La Fleche. Rene studied science, grammar, mathematics and literature which led him to become a famousRead MoreThomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays673 Words   |  3 Pagesgreat philosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; the one that gives the best argument is the existence of God in his III proofRead MoreThe Dream Inside Of A Dream By Christophe r Nolan1683 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Paper: Descartes The possibility of having a dream inside of a dream is an idea that has been discussed far and wide. However, before Inception came out in 2010 by director Christopher Nolan, many people in the modern world may not have ever considered this idea. Nonetheless, this idea of â€Å"a dream inside a dream† has been around since 1640, when Rene Descartes published Meditations. In Inception, Christopher Nolan uses Descartes ideas to enhance the storyline of his film. In this paperRead MoreEssay on Renà © Descartes759 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes Renà © Descartes was a French philosopher and also mathematician. His method of doubt led him to the famous cogito ergo sum when translated means I am thinking, therefore I exist. This cogito was the foundation for Descartes quest for certain knowledge. He explored doubt and how we can prove our own existence, by taking the first steps of scepticism. His book Meditations On First Philosophy, was written in six parts. EachRead MoreSimilarities And Weaknesses Of Descartes And Locke On The Topic Of The Origin Of Ideas1237 Words   |  5 Pageswe have? Renà © Descartes and John Locke, both seventeenth-century philosophers, are often seen as two of the first early modern philosophers. One question that the both of them try to tackle is the origin of ideas. Descartes and Locke do not provide the same answers to this question. This paper will discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of both augments of Descartes and Locke on the topic of the origin of ideas. It will also discuss who had the stronger argument overall. Descartes believesRead MoreDescartes First Meditation Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes First Meditation Rene Descartes decision to shatter the molds of traditional thinking is still talked about today. He is regarded as an influential abstract thinker; and some of his main ideas are still talked about by philosophers all over the world. While he wrote the Meditations, he secluded himself from the outside world for a length of time, basically tore up his conventional thinking; and tried to come to some conclusion as to what was actually true and existing. In orderRead MoreChristopher Graus Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and the Matrix535 Words   |  3 PagesIn â€Å"Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and the Matrix†, Christopher Grau explains Rene Descartes argument in Meditation. What one may interpret as reality may not be more than a figment of one’s imagination. One argument that Grau points out in Descartes essay is how one knows that what one think is an everyday experience awake is not all a part of a hallucination. He uses the example of dreams to draw a conclusion about is claim based on experiences one would experienceRead MoreEssay about Descartes discourse on method931 Words   |  4 Pages Understanding Descartes’ Method of Doubt Clear your mind, if you will, of everything you have ever seen or known to be true. To begin understanding Rene Descartes’ method of doubt, you need to suspend all prejudice and prior judgments and start with a clean slate â€Å"for the purpose of discovering some ultimate truth on which to base all thought.† (Kolak, Pg.225). Discouraged with much skepticism from his own beliefs, Descartes was embarrassed of his own ignorance. He set out to try and accomplish

Essay about Technical Security Policy Proposal for Small...

TicTek Inc is a small company with about a hundred employees and one facility. The company sells home security electronics online. The devices are manufactured by a third party company and shipped to TicTek, whereupon they are warehoused until they are purchased through the company’s website. The warehouse staff prepares and ships customer orders in the same facility which houses the office staff and management. TicTek has a few major stockholders, but the majority of the company’s stock is owned by its executives and employees. Due to the online nature of the company’s business dealings, TicTek has placed a high priority on the security of network resources, including vendor data, customer data, high availability, and incident response.†¦show more content†¦Firewalls will be placed between the web servers and the outer edge of the network, facing the Internet. Such a configuration, called a demilitarized zone (DMZ), will provide an additional layer of d efense from a network breach. If the web servers are compromised, there will be an additional barrier between them and the intranet. The firewalls will be configured to deny everything, and then the ports that are needed for the functioning of the network will be allowed. For the sake of expense and administrative simplicity, the firewall will be a stateful packet filter firewall, as opposed to an application proxy firewall, which would offer higher security and configurability at the expense of administrative complexity due to the need for a proxy for each application in use by the company. The packet filtering firewall filters traffic based on predefined rules. A network based IDS will be used on all network subnets and the system will be anomaly based. An anomaly based IDS is preferable for its ability to detect zero day attacks. With a signature based IDS, the system uses a set of definitions to detect threats and the definitions must be updated on a regular and ongoing schedule . The system will be passive in its functioning, in that it will not stop threats that it detects. Rather the IDS will send notifications to the IT staff that are tasked with the security of the network. The IT staff will thenShow MoreRelatedRequest For Proposal Rfp ( Rfp )1271 Words   |  6 PagesREQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) WIRELESS COMP COMPANY REAPER MACHINES 2335 LENOX ST. CHARLOTTE, NC, 28056 8/11/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND 2 2. PROPOSAL GUIDELINES 2 3. PROJECT PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION 3 4. PROJECT SCOPE 3 5. PROPOSAL AND PROJECT TIMELINE 4 6. BUDGET 5 7. PROPOSAL EVALUATION CRITERIA 6 1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND Death Comm is currently accepting proposals to develop, design, launch, and host a new Wireless Network within their building. 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While there are many definitions of cloud computing which often depends on the cloud user, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) has unified the definition ofRead MoreEssay on MSP, LLC Migration Proposal1365 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Course Paper: MSP, LLC Migration Proposal MSP, LLC is an industry leading graphics company that needs to upgrade its hardware and software to maintain its edge amongst other companies similar to itself. If MSP wants to continue to attract high-level employees we must provide them with high-level equipment. In order to do that we must upgrade the operating systems that we currently run and the hardware that we will use along with it. MSP currently usesRead MoreBusiness Studies Essay - Financial Planning and Methods of International Expansion1637 Words   |  7 Pagesget their products to other countries, known as indirect exporting. 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These services can be of different forms like IT services for a software company, voice services for a customer support industry, legal services for companies and small part suppliers for manufacturing companies etc. The main reason for a company to outsource its services is cost savings as most of the outsourcing services are provided from abroadRead MoreSources Of Finance For Smes1419 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction As the world economy has developed rapidly these years, small to medium sized companies are playing important roles in the acceleration of the global economy development especially in those developing countries. An optimistic finance environment is especially needed to the small and medium-sized company at each stage of their life cycle, from creation through operation, development, restructuring, recovery and beyond. (Agrebi, Mohamed,2009) In this paper, the mainly source of financeRead MoreAnalysis Of Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince 1246 Words   |  5 Pagesaccept risk is the basis of risk management. Generally speaking â€Å"risk management focuses on likely risks† (IT Governance Policies and Procedures). Types of business risks include political, environmental, planning, market (demand, customer satisfaction, etc.), economic, natural (fire, earthquake, flood, etc.), technical, criminal, financial risks, IT risk, safety/policy/legal and security risks, regulatory risks, risks to reputation, HR risks, and operational risks. The Acme Regional Airport (AAE) in PeoriaRead MoreEssay about Request for Proposals26340 Words   |  106 PagesRFP-427.04-107-08 STATE GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS FOR INFORMATION SECURITY ASSESSMENT SERVICES (ISAS) RFP NUMBER: 427.04-107-08 CONTENTS SECTION 1 2 3 4 5 INTRODUCTION RFP SCHEDULE OF EVENTS PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS GENERAL REQUIREMENTS CONTRACTING INFORMATION PROPOSAL EVALUATION CONTRACT AWARD RFP ATTACHMENTS: 6.1 Pro Forma Contract Contract Attachment A: Attestation Re Personnel Used in Contract Performance Contract Attachment B: MemorandumRead MoreIs Cybersecurity A Top Priority For Just About Every Organization?1248 Words   |  5 Pagesstandard basis, so vulnerabilities present on the hardware and software of the company may be detected. Also, to help check, which security protocols have been installed correctly and help determine if the system is vulnerable to malware and bugs in the current software. This proposal recommends Nessus Tenable, a software security testing tool, that prevents hackers from gaining confidential resources from the company. Without this software, ARC is vulnerable to these attacks that would be be detrimental

The Supression of Women in the Color Purple and the Handmaids Tale free essay sample

Now you are being given freedom from. Dont underrate it. † Here Aunt Lydia as well as the Gilead society argue that the women should be thankful that they are now granted freedom from sexual harassment from strangers and this ‘protection’ should make up for all the women have lost, the fact that they have to endure sex slavery and the horrifying rules of Gilead. The Gilead’s society at first seems to use religion to define all aspects of life and define women as a nation resource. The truth is the entire structure of Gilead, including its state religion, is built around one goal; to control reproduction and they have done this by using fear as motivation. Also what they really mean when they say women are natural resources is that their reproductive parts are national resources. â€Å"I wait. I compose myself. My self is a thing I must now compose, as one composes a speech. We will write a custom essay sample on The Supression of Women in the Color Purple and the Handmaids Tale or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What I must present is a made thing, not something born. Chapter 12 line 25)† Here Offred talks about totally disregarding herself by play the role of a handmaid to avoid the consequences of disobedience. Just like Celie and most of the female characters in The Color Purple, Offred and the reds in The Handmaids Tale are not treated as individuals with independent selves, but as tools to benefit the male’s need for power and control. In both Novels the authors choose to group the women into different social classes. Although these classifications have some differences, there are definitely similarities between Celie’s and Offred’s identity or role in the novel as they are both subjected characters by male characters and have had offspring ripped away from them to benefit someone else. While Celie’s role is to look after a household, Alberts children, Albert and do what ever Albert says to do, Offreds role is to have a child for Serina Joy by the Commander and to embrace the Gilead society. Despite doing everything she is told to do and more Celie is still abused and her efforts go unappreciated for a longtime. Just like Celie, handmaids go unrewared for their duty. They have to endure sex with another woman’s husband in their presence, jealously from that woman and no freedom or rights. Unlike the women in The Color Purple who have a special sisterhood, the reds are forced to push Gilead’s belief on each other. An example of this torture is when Aunt Lydia tells the reds that Janine was rapped by a gang of thugs, as a consequence Aunt Lydia tells her that it was her fault and has the other handmaids chant hurtful words towards her.

Nothing Can Replace a Tree free essay sample

Did you know that one fully-developed tree produces oxygen for ten people every spring? Imagine walking on the sidewalk in your city’s downtown area. As you’re window shopping, you notice a tall, thin rectangular post implanted into the concrete substituting a tree. On the side of the post, there’s a slogan that reads nothing can replace a tree written in capital white letters with a black background. You pay closer attention to the sidewalk and realize that a silhouette of a palm tree is reflecting off of the rectangular post. The author of the advertisement is an environmentalist trying to persuade readers to preserve the trees because they are irreplaceable and very essential to our environment. The author states that trees are irreplaceable in our environment. The target audience of this advertisement is everyone. The future of our earth relies on our contributions to taking better care of the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing Can Replace a Tree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The advertisement is a public service announcement stating that trees are being used to make materials when they need to be preserved. The author of the advertisement, which is an environmentalist, is stating that trees are irreplaceable in our environment. They filter the air by capturing airborne pollutants, condensing heat, and absorbing contaminants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Tress help regulate the ecosystem. When there are fewer trees, there are fewer chances for rain. As a result, there will be less water for providing irrigation for harvesting food. Once that occurs, there is famine, which has been occurring around the world for years. The main reason that trees are being removed is because many corporations want to make profit form the lumber produced by trees. They use the lumber to build their businesses as well as homes. As a result, there is more money being made and fewer trees on the earth. I cry when I see commercials that show hungry children around the world that are suffering because we’re not taking care of the environment. The target audience of the advertisement is everyone. Since past and present generations have contributed to the decline of the ecosystem, it is up to the young people to start learning about preserving the environment. Most people don’t make efforts to preserve the earth. They never consider the fact that future generations will be affected by our current actions. We don’t realize that trees absorb carbon dioxide, which is detrimental to living beings. When carbon dioxide can’t be absorbed by trees, the environment is negatively affected. The emission of diesel, gasoline, and fossil fuels contribute to almost one-third of pollution. The reduction of trees also contributes to global warming. Global warming is harmful to future generations because the temperature will be warmer than expected. For example, the temperature on Christmas Day of 1993 may have been 41 degrees. Nowadays, the temperature on Christmas Day may be 69 degrees. There is a massive difference in the temperature in twenty years. In addition to that information, shade from the leaves of trees affects energy costs. During the summer, energy bills tend to surge due to the need of lower temperature setting on thermostats. With the help of trees being near households, there is a less need for air conditioning. It is proven that parts of cities without trees tend to have temperatures as much as twelve degrees higher than surrounding areas. Furthermore, trees hinder the force of wind chill into home during the winter season. The future of our earth relies on our contributions to taking better care of the environment. If people continue to destroy trees, there will be little oxygen on earth in the future. Even though past actions have affected the environment, the current generation people have advanced technology to ensure that the use of trees will not be used. Instead of using paper, there are online bill and e-mail receipt options. For example, all of my utility bills are sent to my e-mail address. Also, after I pay my cell phone bill, I receive a receipt stating the amount and company I paid. Afterwards, I save the receipt in a folder within my e-mail account. Consequently, I save plenty of paper that could have been used for bills, receipts, and folders. Those efforts are some of the changes that have been made to preserve the future of the environment. In conclusion, the author of the advertisement is trying to persuade readers to preserve the trees because they are irreplaceable and very essential to our environment. The advertisement is a public service announcement stating that trees are being used to make materials when they need to be preserved. When there are fewer trees, there is more global warming. We are already suffering from extreme temperatures. I would love to experience temperatures as they were a decade ago. I know that will never happen unless we all work together to make this earth a better place. The author states that trees are irreplaceable in our environment. The target audience of this advertisement is everyone. The future of our earth relies on our contributions to taking better care of the environment. If people continue to destroy trees, there will be little oxygen on earth in the future, which is will contribute to famine.

WEEK 6 COLLOQUY PAPER Essays - Philosophy, Ethics, Free Essays

WEEK 6 COLLOQUY PAPER Essays - Philosophy, Ethics, Free Essays WEEK 6 COLLOQUY PAPER Module 6 is about distributive justice. It focuses on how people should distribute resources among the citizens in a community. There are many questions that concerns the justice of distribution. John Rawls said that no one should be disadvantaged for because of the things they never chose. He feels as if all primary goods should be dispersed equa lly in society unless allocation works in a way that it is equal to the ones who are less fortunate . Everyone needs primary goods and because these goods are needed to go through life day by day. There are two types of primary goods: social and natural. Social primary goods are the things that every individual is believed to desire disregarding his or her plan on life. Natural primary goods are influenced by social organization s. But these goods are not directly apportioned by them. Examples of natural primary goods are: intelligence, talent and ability. Whether the distribution of economic resources are classified as inequality, it is justified on the condition of the ones who are least well off. Nozick believes that the g overnment should have limited access of the rights of citizens along with their liberty and property. He also feels that people are entitled to their accredited belongings despite the state of others. Without the act of fraud or force, we can restore holdings to what they would have been. This is how injustice is rectified.

Gummy Bear Osmosis Lab Report Essay Example

Gummy Bear Osmosis Lab Report Essay Example Gummy Bear Osmosis Lab Report Paper Gummy Bear Osmosis Lab Report Paper Tiffany Parker Mr Taylor Biology 6th period 2/12/15 Gummy Bear Osmosis Lab Report Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to measure the amount of Osmosis in different types of solutions and to see how a cell would react in different types of solutions. Hypothesis: My hypothesis for this experiment is that the Gummy bear will absorb more of the plain tap and sugar water and the salt water will shrink the gummy Procedure: Materials- 3 clear cups, one spoon, 3 gummy bears, timer, tap water, salt, sugar, ruler, and beaker Fill one cup of tap water, one cup f tap water and salt, and one cup with tap water and sugar. Measure the 3 different gummies height, width and weight balance before putting them into the solutions. Put a different gummy bear in each of the solutions. Time for about 24 hours then remove each one with a spoon carefully. Now measure their height, width and weight balance again. Data Collection: BEFORE Salt water gummy Sugar water gummy Tap water gummy Height CM Width LLC Weight balance g AFTER 1. CM CM CM . CM 2. CM leg 3. G Representing Data: Conclusion: My data clearly shows the differences between the height, width, ND weight balance before and after the lab. Also that the salt water gummy height was the only one to decrease, while the Tap water gummy increased the most (CM). I think the Tap water increased the gummies size the most because its easier for the gummy bear to soak in plain tap water than sugar water because the gummy already has the sugars in it. : The salt water gummy shrunk because salt soaks up water and other substances. The sugar water gummy barley increased because I think the gummy already has sugar in it so I really just absorbed a bit of the water. I would like to point out not only did the gummy shrink in the salt water but I also was very sticky unlike the tap water which was a little slimy and the sugary water gummy felt a like sticky but not that bad. The Weight balance of the gummy bears can most accurately show you how the different solutions affect the gummy bear (cell) because the any substance can change the height and change the width yet it could still be the same weight yet if you look at the weight you can determine that the gummy bear (cell) if is a different height and width. In this lab diffusion can be taken place just as cells o, the gummy take in the solutions and eventually the solution will escape if not kept in solution. The lab is using the gummy bears to show how cells work because cells can take in more and less concentrated solutions just as gummy bears do but it leaves a different appearance depending on the solution. In conclusion my hypothesis was partly correct, the gummy did absorb more tap water and the salt water did decrease the size of the gummy but, the sugar water gummy did not increase as much I thought it would have, it absorbed very very little so it didnt change any appearance much at all.

Role of Citizen Diplomacy in Shaping Contemporary World Politics Essay

Role of Citizen Diplomacy in Shaping Contemporary World Politics - Essay Example Citizen diplomacy plays important role in shaping the contemporary world politics because it has become now common for the countries to interact at citizen level especially where the governments of the countries do not officially recognize each other. Citizen diplomacy compliments the official or formal diplomacy but in some cases it could also challenge the official diplomacy by following different tract and strategy. In these cases, the governments of the countries usually ban the track two or citizen diplomacy for the management of their affairs solely through the official foreign policy and formal diplomats (Melissen, 2008).   Citizen diplomacy is not very new concept for the world. It was pioneered by a physicist Robert Fuller during 1970s and 1980s. He used to travel Soviet Union with the intention of alleviating the Cold War. After the demise of Russian empire, Fuller continued his efforts and propagated his thoughts all over the globe that the common people could also play defining role in bringing peace to the world politics (Patterson, 2007). In 1981, David Hoffman wrote an article about Fuller and coined the term citizen diplomacy giving a name to the efforts and concept divulged by Fuller through his continuous efforts. Since then citizen diplomacy has widely been recognized as an important tool of securing peace and friendly relationship between the states. Some historians also believe that the term was actually coined by Joe Montville to refer to the private negotiations. between the citizens of different countries (Gilboa, 2001). The role of citizen diplomacy in the contemporary world politics could be understood from the perspective that it came to play supportive role in the situations where the official diplomatic communication links between the countries are broken and they are stuck with the negotiation process. The continuation of such situation could lead towards cold war between the involved countries and in such situation the citizen diplomacy works for releasing

Midterm Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm Exam - Essay Example The memories which these items bring to the author are the core aspects of discussion, resulting into the materials contained within this chapter. There is a significant element of harmony between Chinese and American culture portrayed in the chapter. In consideration of modern times, the chapter might be perceived as containing unacceptable elements of the society, like racism. The elements should however be understood for the viewpoint of a Chinese native residing in America. The cultural difference existing between the author’s native and adopted culture, is attributed to these perceptions. It becomes extremely difficult for the author to perceive some of the common elements within the environment as the Native American would do. This chapter presents the reader with an element for understanding the existing discrepancies between the author’s native culture and the adopted one. There is an element of attachment to the culture which is contained within the context of the chapter, and which the author is communicating to her audience. Understanding the value of culture to the author requires reading through and getting the feeling which are associated with the occurrences described within this chapter. While there might be elements in the reading which could be considered as stereotypes, it remains essential to understand that these are the perceptions of the author. The thoughts presented by these ideologies remains essential in comprehension of the inferred meanings of the writings. While many of the elements contain a simple description of the appearance of objects which the author observes, these objects cause the author to visualise of some Chinese aspects of livelihoods which she has learnt to do without (Wong, 86). This is a significant element within the chapter as it can identify the differences which the author experiences in Chinatown compared to china. While there might be many Chinese

Learning Styles and Theories Essay Example for Free

Learning Styles and Theories Essay There are multiple learning styles and theories that apply to individuals in multiple ways. The VARK learning style that my analysis revealed is read/write according to the questionnaire by Fleming (2001-2014). This categorization of my learning style compliments me well and I definitely agree that actually seeing the information spelled out in front of me allows me to better understand the information. The two learning theories that relate to my VARK learning style are behaviorism and constructivism. Behaviorism focusing on a clear goal with an automatic response and constructivism affording me the ability to problem solve. Being an andragogical learner I’m able to apply what I’ve learned during my pedagogical phase to my educational experiences. Let’s take a closer look at what behaviorism entails. Behaviorism focuses on the observable changes in behavior. Moreover, it’s the act of doing something new several times until it’s second nature. A prime example is while completing schoolwork the instructor provides continuous positive reinforcement; depending upon the grade the student will constantly modify their behavior until they receive positive reinforcement. According to Watson (n.d.) behaviorism’s goal is to explain relationships between precedent conditions (stimuli), behavior (responses), and consequences (reward, punishment, or neutral effect). Without the positive reinforcement the learned responses that the student exhibits will diminish. My VARK learning style relates to behaviorism by me receiving positive reinforcement through written praise; additionally, with good grades I will continue performing at the same level. Once I’ve developed an understanding of how a task needs to be accomplished I will tailor my actions towards that behavior to continue to receive that positive reinforcement and it becomes second nature. Along with observable changes in behavior, one-step further looks into constructivism and it’s aim on brain-based learning. Constructivism relies on what the learner already knows and the understanding of the subject at hand. Moreover, building new ideas or concepts are based upon current knowledge and past experiences and amplifies when actively engaged. According to Brunner (n.d.) the three stages of  intellectual development are enactive, iconic, and symbolic. Enactive is learning through actions on physical objects and the outcomes, iconic learning is through models and pictures, and lastly symbolic learning is the ability to think in abstract terms (Brunner, n.d.). Constructivism relates to my VARK learning style in the aspect that learning is ongoing and by reading and writing I’m constantly improving my skills and perception. There can be multiple interpretations of an excerpt of literature, therefore by having someone facilitate the learning process with the knowledge of my baseline understanding of the topic at hand that person can build upon it. Thus, my VARK learning style suggests I write out words repeatedly or read them to myself, which goes along with reviewing information multiple times, and learning takes time according to the principles of constructivism. As an adult learner my identified VARK learning style affects my educational pursuit positively. Falling into andragogical learning realm I have more experiences and therefore I can apply those experiences while learning. Adult learners take on the responsibility to be self-directed, and have a wealth of experience that enables them to transform information into meaningful cognitive and reality-based applications (Minter, 2011, p. 9). In retrospect the pedagogical concept requires the instructor to be more directive, placing students in a more passive role, and that students don’t have the motivation or maturity to be self-directed learners (Minter, 2011, p. 9). Applying active learning concepts such as reading and writing allows me to actively be categorized under the andragogical concept. Moreover, by writing and speaking the words to myself and reflecting to solve problems I’m practicing the concept of self-directed and problem-centered aspects of andragogical learni ng. Therefore, I will be able to apply my VARK learning style to complete my educational endeavors and continue on my path of success. The three learning theories of Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism can be applied to any of the four learning styles (visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic). I feel that we cannot generalize that a student will be classified solely under one learning style, they will adapt and apply what is more appropriate given the information or circumstances.  The learning theory used depends upon the learning situation. Being identified as an andragogical learner I’m able to apply life experiences, need to know, relevance of the subject matter and how it applies to me, and use my motivation to further my educational goals with the guidance of instructors that are more like facilitators. Malcolm Knowles paved the path for educators and students alike that entail specific learning principles to enable learners to thrive educationally and without his significant contribution who knows where we would be today. References Bruner, J. (n.d.). Constructivism Discovery Learning. Retrieved from http://www.lifecircles- inc.com/Learningtheories/constructivism/bruner.html Fleming, N. D. (2001-2014). Retrieved from http://www.vark-learn.com/english/index.asp Minter, R. (2011). The Learning Theory Jungle. Journal of College Teaching and Learning, 8(6), 9. Watson, J. B. (n.d.). Behaviorism. Retrieved from http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/behaviorism/Watson.html

Ireland Starves and Lives to Tell: The Effects of the Great Potato Fami

Ireland Starves and Lives to Tell: The Effects of the Great Potato Famine â€Å"It must be understood that we cannot feed the people† (Kinealy Calamity 75). The mid 1800s in Ireland were characterized by extreme poverty, death, and emigration. The Great Potato Famine, also known as â€Å"The Great Hunger,† first hit in 1845; however, its effects lasted into the 1850s and can still be seen today. Prior to the famine, Irish manufacture and trade was controlled and suppressed by British government, which made Ireland an extremely poor country. Farmers in Ireland were forced to export crops such as corn, wheat, and oats to Britain, which left the potato as the main dietary staple for the people, especially the poor. Therefore, when the fungus Phytophthora infestans caused some, and eventually all, of the crop to rot over the next couple of years, the reliance on the one crop made the people of Ireland extremely susceptible to the famine. The effects were devastating, and poverty spread across the nation causing a huge increase i n homelessness, the death-rate, emigration, and a change in the Irish people and country overall. One direct effect of poverty during the Great Famine was homelessness. â€Å"The total number of people who had to leave their property was around a half million† (Kinealy Calamity 218). Those who could not afford to pay rent to their landlords were evicted and had their homes destroyed (Kinealy Calamity 190). These people often resorted to â€Å"begging in the streets, wandering from house to house, or burrowing in bogs or behind ditches, till broken down by privation and exposure to the elements [such as cold and disease], they seek the workhouse, or die by the roadside† (Litton 98). Public ass... ...on: The Long View.† The American Economic Review 84.2: 303-308. JSTOR. 6 February 2004. . Kinealy, Christine. â€Å"How Politics Fed the Famine.† Natural History 105.1: 33-35. Academic Search Premier EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 30 January 2004. . Kinealy, Christine. This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845-52. Boulder: Roberts Reinhart Publishers, 1995. Litton, Helen. The Irish Famine; An Illustrated History. Dublin: Wolfhound Press Ltd., 1994. (98). Scally, Robert J. The End of Hidden Ireland: Rebellion, Famine, and Emigration. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, (212-215). Woodham-Smith, Cecil. The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849. London: Penguin Books, 1991, (226).

ALDI Business expansion through training and development Essay

Aldi (short for Albrecht Discounts) is a globally operating and expanding discount retailer with over 8,000 stores all over the world. The company was founded in 1913 in Germany by two brothers. In 1960 the former Albrecht KG was separated in Aldi Sued and Aldi Nord. The headquarters are located in Essen (Aldi Nord) and Mà ¼lheim an der Ruhr (Aldi Sued). Both companies still have a friendly relation and use the same brands occasionally but operate independently. Aldi Nord operates in Denmark, the Benelux countries, France, the Iberian Peninsula and Poland. Aldi Sued makes its business transactions in countries including Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece, Switzerland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, USA and Australia. In Austria and Slovenia Aldi is represented by Hofer KG. Overall Aldi is one of the world’s biggest grocery chains. The sales strategy is well known as they offer the opportunity to buy cheap and good/fresh food. The main focus is on key markets in Europe, North Am erica and Australia. Store layouts are simple and opening hours focus especially on the busiest times of the day. The retailer is a specialist in food, beverage and household items but within the years the portfolio was extended. The company acts now among other things for example, as travel agency. Many of the offered products are own brands. The number of other brands is limited to a maximum of two for an item. Therefore it is possible to keep the shops smaller and to sell a larger quantity of a specific brand. The slogan â€Å"Spend a little, live a lot† reflects the strategy of Aldi. In a nutshell to keep prices low they are not taking effort on presenting their variety of goods. Worldwide main competitors of Aldi are Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., METRO AG and Lidl Dienstleistung GmbH & Co. KG. Particular Austrian competitors are Zielpunkt, Norma and Penny. The strategy of the mentioned chains is similar. They are all driving their main business in the food industry as they are primarily competing on price in order to increase their market share. Main customers are bigger families, housewifely people and people with less income. The marketing mix of every business is different. Aldi focusses on providing high quality products that are cheaper alternatives to famous brands. Moreover, the advertising strategy is very simple and cost saving. Apart from a weekly newsletter of  special offers Aldi is not advertising at all. Primarily this low price grocery chains arose due to the increasing population and economic challenges. Therefore it was necessary to construct bigger plants which resulted in fewer and larger firms. This had a negative effect on farmer’s return and all of a sudden people started to concern about the products they were consuming. Aldi was very hard affected by these changes and implemented sustainable products. Now they offer especially in the diary product sector regional goods. Certainly important to mention is the simple organization structure of Aldi. The very flat management hierarchy allows leaders to get their people known. At Aldi managers should be open for new ideas, improvements and it is common to involve all employees in decision making. They represent a philosophy of promoting and supporting talents within the organization. Consequently the performance of each employee is recognized easier. As the responsibility is increasing within promotions it is essential to support a transparent and effective decision making system. Subsequent the discretion of the Aldi organizational chart. On the very top of the management is the Vice President followed by several Directors like Director of Warehousing & Transportation and Director of Administration. The District Managers are directly reporting to the Director of Operations and are leading the individual Store Management Teams. The number of Store Employees is based on the frequency of customer visits. Worth to mention is also financial situation. The revenue of Aldi was not published until 2000. Since 2001, Aldi Nord publishes its numbers in the Federal Gazette. Sales in Germany in 2010 amounted to 22.5 billion euros. Furthermore the worldwide turnover was 52.8 billion euros. Aldi Nord and Aldi Sued are completely family owned. The capital is very solid and Aldi has no liabilities. Aldi Nord owns all logistic centers. Leased objects are increasingly replaced by own objects. Aldi Sued also owns almost all buildings and land but had to borrow money for further expansion properties. So they left the path of total independence. The return on sales constitutes between 3 and 3.7 % in 2010. The core values and principles that the brothers founded are still important for decision making today. These are presented from the management team as follows: Consistency – leads to reliability. We mean what we say. We are consistent in our dealings with  people, product, price and all other aspects of our day to day professional life. Simplicity – creates efficiency, clarity and clear orientation within our organization as well as for our customers. Responsibility – stands for our commitment towards our people, customers, partners and the environment. It also includes principles such as fairness, honesty, openness, service orientation and friendliness. Aldi places great emphasis in efficient human resource development. In the daily sales business they try to keep everything simple and cheap. This can only be realized with an increase of company’s performance. Furthermore it demonstrates how the training and development program ensures that their employees have the required skills. First of all the goal is to identify training needs in order to be prepar ed for the future. It is mandatory to plan both, the number of workers and specific skills and requirements. The company can then recruit new staff and is furthermore able to ensure that training and development programs are ready when needed. Training needs are identified through constant monitoring of the company’s performance. Aldi expands rapidly and therefore it is necessary to recruit more than 4,000 people within the next 12 months. Therefore the retailer follows the strategy to offer industry-leading salaries to make sure that they also attract the best candidates. Clear and detailed job descriptions help the Human Resource Department to find people with the right set of skills and competencies. Moreover there is process of interview and assessment where managers will find out if the applying person fits. After the most suitable candidate is recruited the training period starts. Depending on the position different trainee programs are offered. For example as a district manager you have to participate in a nearly one-year long training. This program is divided into several different phases where knowledge and skills are being strengthened. Furthermore the new recruits learn about the philosophy of Aldi and its expectations of them to make them feel part of the family. The training and development continues throughout the career with internal and external training seminars. Besides the effect of higher business efficiency training can enhance and motivate staff. Promotions are quite encouraging as personal growth and development is very much appreciated and supported. On the one side Aldi expects an immediate contribution to the business but on the other side they provide special trainings to help developing their careers within the company. Over  85% of Aldi Directors are recruited within the company. They start after school or college and work themselves u p into the general management. Additionally, they offer also an international Expatriate program. This is especially for experienced District Managers who want to learn more about the business in an entirely different culture. Aldi is looking for individuals who are willing to develop themselves further. What is more is that Aldi offers an internship of 10 weeks. During this period interns are given real responsibilities and they have the opportunity to show their competencies and skills. This work placement is for students in undergraduate or graduate programs and is well paid. Internships are very common in such big companies as they offer options for both, the company and the intern. The company has the chance to test the employee for a few weeks and can then decide to offer high potentials a permanent position. However, this is also an advantage for temporary employees because they do not have to sign a permanent contract. Furthermore, Aldi uses on-the-job trainings to continue the training of the employees. T his form of education is taking place in the working environment. Skills are improved by dealing with daily challenges and employees get the chance to learn through re-equipment and materials. Another advantage is that feedback is given right after the accomplishment of the task. Besides also Aldi benefits by saving costs as they don not lose working time and a specific training is although provided. In a nutshell, on-the-job training is very economical. There are four different forms of providing on-the-job trainings: Coaching: The trainee will be trained by a senior employee. These coaches are providing instructions to the trainees to improve their knowledge about the daily work processes. Even though coaching is often used wrongly as a synonym for mentoring. Mentoring: Is characterized by a strong communication between the trainee and the mentor. The main role of a mentors is to guide and help the trainee. Additionally communication. Compared to coaching the relationship of these two parties is more personal. Job rotation: Means that employees are moved within different positions just for a planned period of time. As a result they should be able to gain a wider variety of knowledge and learn about the processes in other departments. „Sitting next to Nellieâ€Å": Is a training very special technique where skills are provided by working alongside to a colleague. This method is very popular. It shows much more  efficiently than reading or studying a written documentation. At Aldi the training follows the principle â€Å"tell, show, do†. First of all the process is explained by the manager followed by a demonstration. Subsequently the trainee has to conduct the task and the manager observes. All kind of positions follow this structure. Prospective area managers get the possibility to become acquainted with different departments. Thus the trainees understand how each department and processes relates to each other. In the trainee period of one year they are supported from an area manager and they get the possibility to represent the branch manager for four to six weeks. In addition to on-the-job trainings Aldi provides off-the-job trainings as well. As indicated, these trainings are taking place away from work. Whereas on-the-job training is very specific, off-the-job training transfers more general skills which are transferable and therefore can be used in many parts of the company. Aldi uses this kind of development for courses covering: Hiring Techniques: Recruitment, interviewing and selection Employment law Influencing skills Performance reviews (appraisals) Aldi Management System (how to develop and performance manage people) Off-the-job training shows positive outcomes like motivated staff and greater staff productivity. Moreover it provides employees with better skills and Aldi profits from improved customer service. Beside these positive aspects it must be admitted that off-the-job training creates higher payroll costs. These additional costs are shown in payments for the trainings organization, the training itself and absenteeism which has to be covered from other employees. Aldi decides whether on-the-job or off-the-job training is more suitable for the given aspect of training. In general the different internal and external training seminars accompany employees through their whole career. Aldi defines learning and growth as a career-long process where there is always an opportunity for more. An example for the combination of internal and external training is Aldi’s apprentice scheme. Beside the regular apprenticeship the trainees are studying for an NVQ (national vocational qualification) in Retail Apprenticeship. When the traineeship ends after 3 years the apprentices  gained Level 3 – advanced qualification. Due to the growth of Aldi, trainees have good opportunities to be promoted. Fully trained have the possibility to acquire a position as a deputy manager or assistant store manager. The next step on their career ladder is to become a store manager. All these forms of training provide employees with work-related knowledge and skills that are needed to carry out their jobs. Besides on-the-job and off-the-job training there is another possibility to educate the employees of a company. Development is similar to training as it supports personal growth and improves skills which are directly related to the job. Furthermore, employees gain qualifications and which results in a higher value in the job market. At first glance it looks as if companies do not benefit from development, but they do in every way. Beyond employees can be used more flexible. Additionally they are able to take over more responsibility. Moreover, people are considered to be an important member of the business. Hence, the company cares about the performance and capabilities of employees, which enhances motivation. Aldi is greatly aware that further development of employees increases the change of losing high potentials. Due to better knowledge people are more likely to leave as other companies often promise better career objectives. Nevertheless Aldi is conscious of this risk but in order to remain competitive they prefer to invest in human capital. As this food retailer has a lot of subsidiaries it is possible to offer its employees relocation to different international countries. This helps to develop all-round expert ise and motivation. At first, strengths and weaknesses of each employee need to be identified. Next step is to help them to improve their skills. To support this process Aldi launched an appraisal form. In this special system the manager and the employee evaluate the past and current performance. According to this process it is easier to decide which development is necessary or useful for the individual. A very important procedure is also the personal goal setting. At Aldi managers and employees work very close together to find the right targets. The discounter also tries to attract especially university students. Students have the possibility to prove their theoretical knowledge during a one year long working experience. They enjoy the first time to be part of a company. Moreover Aldi benefits greatly from this system. If the students are doing well they usually get a permanent job offer. In this  case no further recruiting process is needed and subsequent time and money can be saved. In a nutshell Aldi puts great emphasis on training and development. Even though the company does not have a human resource department, it is rewarded with number 6 in â€Å"The Times Top 100 Graduate Employers 2013†. 85% of all directors have been recruited within the company this shows that the firm has a strong policy for internal recruitment. So promotion is permitted to every employee. Another factor of success is that staff is recruited from schools or colleges. The appropriate on- or off-the-job training guarantees that recruits are well-trained and lays the foundation of the employees’ careers. The retailer’s global competitor Wal-Mart has a similar training and development strategy. Wal-Mart uses a training and development system inspired by Nike. The difference to Aldi is the e-training process, which is a web-based training concentrating on selling skills and product knowledge. Besides all these positive aspects some valuations of former employees on the internet tell another story. Zeit online reports that discounters like Aldi are fallen into disrepute and try to clear their names as good employers with training and development offers. On the one hand former employees are largely satisfied with Aldi’s further development, but on the other hand they claim that the promised prospects for promotions and career are rare. To guarantee that every employee gets equal career development opportunities, we would suggest a development account like Fraport AG uses. Fraport is the operator of the airport Frankfurt and organizes staff development with the so called Q-Card (qualification card). The Q-Card is a credit account for further development, which gives each of the 13,000 employees the chance to redeem â‚ ¬ 600 per annum for personal development. If the development credit is not consumed, it expires on their own responsibility. All in all, Aldi has an effective way to train and develop staff. Open communication of the career prospects brings orientation for recruits and employees. The flat management hierarchy combined with career possibilities enables the staff to take over responsibility. Training ensures well-trained employees and promotion is open to all staff. In respect of staff development Aldi deservers number 6 of the 100 Graduate Employers 2013. Primarily, people associate Aldi with cheap products, but hardly anyone knows that they care about their employees especially in staff development. (2739 words) Reference List: http://www.aldi.com/?aldiurl=true https://corporate.aldi.co.uk/en/responsibility/our-people/everyone-achieving-their-best/ https://www.hofer.at/ http://www.aldi.de/

Project Management Project Essay

Question 1 South American Adventures Unlimited SA Adventures Unlimited was formed four years ago by Michael and Jill Rodriguez. Michael was a trained geologist, while Jill had a master’s degree in Spanish. They were both avid outdoor enthusiasts and fell in love while trekking across the Andes in Chile. Upon graduation they seized upon the idea of starting their own specialized tour business that would focus on organizing and leading â€Å"high-end† adventure trips in South America. Their first trip was a three-week excursion across Ecuador and Peru. The trip was a resounding success, and they became convinced that they could make a livelihood doing something they both enjoyed. After the first year, Adventures Unlimited began to slowly expand the size and scope of the business. The Rodriguezes’ strategy was a simple one. They recruited experienced, reliable people who shared their passion for South America and the outdoors. They helped these people organize specific trips and advertised the excursion over the Internet and in travel magazines. Adventures Unlimited has grown from offering 4 trips a year to having 16 different excursions scheduled, including trips to Central America. They now had an administrative support staff of three people and a relatively stable group of five trip planners/guides whom they hired on a trip-by-trip contract basis. The company enjoyed a high level of repeat business and often used their customers’ suggestions to organize future trips. Although the Rodriguezes were pleased with the success of their venture, they were beginning to encounter problems that worried them about the future. A couple of the tours went over budget because of unanticipated costs, which eroded that year’s profit. In one case, they had to refund 30 percent of the tour fee because a group was stranded five days in Blanco Puente after missing a train connection. They were also having a hard time maintaining the high level of customer satisfaction to which they were accustomed. Customers were beginning to complain about the quality of the accommodations and the price of the tours. One group, unfortunately, was struck by a bad case of food poisoning. Finally, the Rodriguezes were having a hard time tracking costs across projects and typically did not know how well they did until after their taxes were prepared. This made it difficult to plan future excursions. The Rodriguezes shared these concerns around the family dinner table. Among the members in attendance was Michael’s younger brother, Mario, a student at a nearby university. After dinner, Mario approached Michael and Jill and suggested that they look into what business people called â€Å"project management.He had been briefly exposed to project management in his Business Operations class and felt that it might apply to their tour business. 1. To what extent does project management apply to Adventures Unlimited? Or, in other words, is this company managing projects? Explain your answer. Answer in a short paragraph (no more than 100 words) using font size 12. Question 2 Answer question #1 on page 147 in the exercises section. Question 3 Pg. 192 Optical Disk Preinstal lation Project Draw the network diagram A – Complete the following table with information from the network diagram:

Free Essays on Driving

I. Speeding, tailgating, giving the finger and outright violence. Each day Americans grow more and more likely to take out their personal frustrations on other drivers. It is called aggressive driving and it is on the incline. II. Driving is a curious combination of public and private acts. A car isolates a driver from the world even as it carries him through it. The sensation of personal power is intoxicating. Aggressive driving includes such things as illegal or improper lanes changes or turns, failing to stop of yield the right of way, excessive speeds, and an assortment of gestures, looks, and verbally abusive language. III. Everyday we have to deal with these people on our roads. We run a great risk just driving around the corner to go to the store or a quiet trip to church. According to U.S. News and World Report, the U.S. Departments of Transportation estimates that two-thirds of fatalities are at least partially caused by aggressive driving. Fortunately, there is something we can do to help reduce the problem. BODY Preview: To overcome aggressive driving we must first understand it. I would like to share with you the problem, the dangers, and the solutions for this growing trend. I. The number one cause of aggressive driving behaviors is the discourteous or inattentive driver. A. The number one cause is probably the â€Å"left-lane hog†, according to a story in the Amarillo Daily News. 1. Other discourteous driving behaviors include failure to signal before a lane change, changing lanes too closely to the other drivers, and tailgating. B. It is these seemingly unaware drivers that infuriate the aggressive driver and trigger the Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde transformation. 1. Reducing enforcement, highway traffic, congestion or personal issues also play a large role in the disposition of the aggressive driver. C. The angry driver the may demonstrate his displeasure by speeding around the other vehicle, cutting the oth... Free Essays on Driving Free Essays on Driving I. Speeding, tailgating, giving the finger and outright violence. Each day Americans grow more and more likely to take out their personal frustrations on other drivers. It is called aggressive driving and it is on the incline. II. Driving is a curious combination of public and private acts. A car isolates a driver from the world even as it carries him through it. The sensation of personal power is intoxicating. Aggressive driving includes such things as illegal or improper lanes changes or turns, failing to stop of yield the right of way, excessive speeds, and an assortment of gestures, looks, and verbally abusive language. III. Everyday we have to deal with these people on our roads. We run a great risk just driving around the corner to go to the store or a quiet trip to church. According to U.S. News and World Report, the U.S. Departments of Transportation estimates that two-thirds of fatalities are at least partially caused by aggressive driving. Fortunately, there is something we can do to help reduce the problem. BODY Preview: To overcome aggressive driving we must first understand it. I would like to share with you the problem, the dangers, and the solutions for this growing trend. I. The number one cause of aggressive driving behaviors is the discourteous or inattentive driver. A. The number one cause is probably the â€Å"left-lane hog†, according to a story in the Amarillo Daily News. 1. Other discourteous driving behaviors include failure to signal before a lane change, changing lanes too closely to the other drivers, and tailgating. B. It is these seemingly unaware drivers that infuriate the aggressive driver and trigger the Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde transformation. 1. Reducing enforcement, highway traffic, congestion or personal issues also play a large role in the disposition of the aggressive driver. C. The angry driver the may demonstrate his displeasure by speeding around the other vehicle, cutting the oth...

Goal Setting With Elementary Students

Goal Setting With Elementary Students With the start of the new school year upon us, it is the perfect time to have your students begin school by learning how to set positive goals. Setting goals is an important life skill that all elementary students need to know. While the students may still be a bit too young to think about what college they want to go to, or the career they may want to have, its never too late to teach them the importance of setting, and achieving a goal. Here are a few tips to help your elementary students learn to set goals. Define What a "Goal" Means Elementary students may think the word goal means when you are referring to a sporting event. So, the first thing that you want to do is have students brainstorm what they think setting a goal means. You can use the reference of a sporting event to help you. For example, you can tell the students that when an athlete makes a goal, the goal is the result of their hard work. You can also have students look up the meaning in the dictionary. Webster’s Dictionary defines the word goal as â€Å"something that you are trying to do or achieve.† Teach the Importance of Goal Setting Once you have taught your elementary students the meaning of the word, now its time to teach the importance of setting goals. Discuss with your students that setting goals helps you become more confident in yourself, helps you make better decisions in your life, and gives you motivation. Ask students to think about a time that they had to sacrifice something that they really loved, for an even better outcome. You can give them an example if they are unsure. For instance, you can say: I really like to get a coffee and a donut before work every day but it can get really expensive. I want to surprise my children and take them on a family vacation, so I need to give up my morning routine in order to save money to do that. This example is showing your students that you have given up something that you really liked, for an even better outcome. It explains how powerful setting goals and achieving them can really be. By giving up your morning routine of coffee and donuts, you were able to save enough money to take your family on a vacation. Teach Students How to Set Realistic Goals Now that students understand the meaning of a goal, as well as the importance of setting goals, now its time to actually set a few realistic goals. Together as a class, brainstorm a few goals that you think are realistic. For example, students may say My goal is to get a better grade on my math test this month. Or I will strive to complete all of my homework assignments by Friday. By helping your students set small, achievable goals that can be achieved quickly, you will help them understand the process of setting and achieving a goal. Then, once they grasp this concept you can have them set even bigger goals. Have students focus on which goals are most important (make sure they are measurable, achievable, as well as specific). Develop a Method to Achieve the Goal Once students have chosen the specific goal that they want to achieve, the next step is to show them how they are going to achieve it. You can do this by showing students the following step-by-step procedure. For this example, the students goal is to pass their spelling test. Step 1: Do all spelling homework Step 2: Practice spelling words each day after school Step 3: Practice spelling worksheets each day Step 4: Play spelling games or go on the Spellingcity.com app Step 5: Get an A on my spelling test Make sure that students have a visual reminder of their goal. It is also wise that you have a daily or weekly meeting with each student to see how their goals are developing. Once they achieve their goal, its time to celebrate! Make a big deal out of it, this way it will want them to make even bigger goals in the future.

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managment - Essay Example Compared to other graduates, I believe that my superior research skills and ability to organize myself and the team to face challenges puts me at an advantage. I bring the values of honesty, accountability and an ability to meet challenges head on to the table. I am transparent in my dealings and if I am given some responsibility, I ensure that I am accountable as well. Combined with the ability to rise up to challenges, these values make me an ideal person to lead a team. Further, I can subordinate my individual goals to the needs of the team making me a team player as well. Hence, this ability to be a part of the team as well as lead a team makes me versatile and skillful at my job. I will show my value to the prospective employer by telling him about the most significant challenge that I have faced in my life so far and recounting the details of how I overcame the challenge. The challenge being mentioned is about how I led from the front when faced with an intractable problem that required out-of-the-box thinking to arrive at a

Macro economics important assingments Assignment

Macro economics important assingments - Assignment Example If the borrowing is made long term it will ease or reduce inflation in the economy of Ghana. The government of Ghana opted to sell the long term bonds in order to get funds for the infrastructure. In 2012 the fiscal deficit of this country increased to 12% of the GDP hence pushed interest rates up. Due to this situation it has been focused that the interest rates will remain high and there will be more transaction of long term bonds (Melvin & Boyes, pp.149) In general to stabilize the economy of this country, a few things need to be done. From the article, it is well spelt out that the Ghana investors are highly attracted to long term bonds. Selling of Long term bonds with high interest is a central bank initiative to control circulation of money and to reduce inflation. In the short run, borrowings have led the state into public debts and increased inflation. The government therefore, sells bonds on long term to invest in infrastructure that can service government debts and reduce t he economies deficit. To ensure stability, the bonds should be sold in a long term and not on short term as many firms may take loans and fail to pay them in time hence creating debts. Therefore, long term bonds should be sold at high interest to reduce inflation and stabilize the money markets. ... There has been decrease in demand of grilled meat as change of weather is unbearable. For this reason consumers have resorted to other alternatives. Reaction: as there has been a fall for demand of barbecue cuts, there have been opting for things like slower cookers and crock pots. In the market the supply of grilled meat has increased as the demand for them has gone low forcing the prices to fall. The lowering of prices is to attract consumers as there is no enough demand to meet the supply. The sales department is therefore forced to export the barbecue products to overseas to meet the dispose of the surplus. It can be derived from the reaction that that change of the season to winter has led to the changes in demand. Most of the consumers prefer to stay in orders than to go to the grill to purchase meat. This in turn decreases its demand automatically and the supply increases. Compared to other meat like chucks and blade the grill meet has changed in its demand. Therefore, the gov ernment opts for other forms of meet as there demand has been maintained. There supply should therefore be increased to compensate for the gap that might have been created by the grill meat (Melvin & Boyes, pp.52) Assignment three Article: http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-04-05/opinions/38300337_1_minimum-wage-fair-labor-standards-act-workers Position: I agree that Stevenson’s assumptions of minimum wage that minimum wage takes care of everyone. The minimum wage always remain the same unless change by the government. If the minimum wage is increased the unemployment increases. The minimum wage cuts across everyone but they vary depending on the terms of employment. The government

Financial Managment worksheet 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Managment worksheet 2 - Essay Example Then the financial analysis should also incorporate the effect of finishing project A (in 5 years) and starting project C (and continuing it for 2 years) while making the decision between project A and B. If your organization grew by 10% - identify the incremental costs you would incur. What if your organization grew by 100% How/why would the costs differ Discuss this concept in relation to accounting and economic factors. The incremental cost would increase in the same proportion (10%) for some time. This is because the existing fixed cost will not change till the entire existing capacity is exhausted. Up to this stage, there will be a direct relationship between organization growth and increase in incremental costs. However, once the existing capacity is exhausted and there is a need to obtain additional equipment, plant, etc., then the fixed cost will increase as well. In this case, the relationship between incremental cost and organization growth will no longer be 1:1. From economic standpoint, the relationship between incremental cost and organization growth may not be direct even for small growth (10%). This is because there may be other economic factors to consider, for example, potential projects that may have to be let go due to organization growth in one business line. Yes, EVA has an impact on capital budgeting decisions. ... From economic standpoint, the relationship between incremental cost and organization growth may not be direct even for small growth (10%). This is because there may be other economic factors to consider, for example, potential projects that may have to be let go due to organization growth in one business line. Do EVA considerations impact capital budgeting decisions How could a company incorporate the idea of EVA into their capital budgeting decision process Yes, EVA has an impact on capital budgeting decisions. EVA is a method to calculate true economic income of an organization, and should be employed by management in making capital budgeting decisions. Since EVA is the net income of the organization adjusted after incorporating opportunity cost of the invested capital; so the capital that will be used to finance a particular budget should be able to generate enough income to meet EVA and not just financial net profits. EVA = Net income - Capital charge (cost of capital x invested capital) CASE STUDY Introduction This paper consists of financial analysis of two projects in order to select the project which will benefit the company the most. The financial calculations are provided in Appendix 'A' of the paper. The details of the projects are provided below: Project 1 Project 2 Cost $800,000 $650,000 Useful Life 10 years 8 years Salvage Value None None Incremental Sales $500,000 $375,000 Cost of Goods Sold 49% of sales 43% Advertising $50,000 10% of sales Depreciation Straight-line Straight-line Tax rate 40% 40% Discount rate 10% 10% The underlying assumption is that the two projects are equally risky. Recommendation The results of financial analysis reveal that Project 1 is better of the two

The Simple Gift Essay Example for Free

The Simple Gift Essay It’s about Billy, who leaves home aboard a freight train heading interstate. Billy finds himself in Bendarat, living in a disused train carriage, where he meets a homeless man called Old Bill. Old Bill drinks away his past while Billy tries to find a future. The other main character is Caitlin, a girl Billy meets in Bendarat. All three characters are searching for something to give their lives substance. Steve Herricks poetry novel tells the story of a homeless boys quest to find somewhere to belong. After he runs away from an abusive father, Billy lives in an abandoned railway carriage. There he meets another homeless man, Old Bill and starts to understand the nature of belonging. Caitlin, a lonely girl from a rich family, helps him along the way. http://www.stevenherrick.com.au/notes.htm Why did you write the simple gift? I wanted to explore the relationship between a young man and an old man. As adults, we seem to believe that the idea of being an influence works only one way we adults can influence young people for the better. In the book, I wanted to show it working the other way that is, young Billy really being the positive influence, in fact, the catalyst, for Old Bill rejoining the world. I know my two teenage sons are a wonderful positive influence on my own life. It seems to me that the world of young people is becoming increasingly marginalized by mainstream media. As adults, we need to accept, encourage, and indeed, embrace the world of young people. Let’s see the relationship as a priceless two-way street. What is the theme of the simple gift? At the time of writing this book, I was listening to a wonderful folk CD by Bruce Springsteen titled the ghost of Tom Joad. On this CD, there are a few songs about middle-aged men who are searching for something to give their life meaning. The word redemption kept rolling around my head when listening to the songs, and writing this book. That word certainly came into play in how I created the character of Old Bill. The other thing I kept thinking about while writing was the whole notion of gifts what is valuable in our life? How do we measure what is valuable? The notion of the spiritual versus  the material is something that informs a lot of my writing. Anything else you want to tell us about gift One reviewer called Billy an atypical hero, which I thought was interesting. That got me thinking about what is heroic, and how it relates to some of the characters in my other books. I reckon Billy from gift, within the story they do something of great value, that is a little thing give friendship and hope to an old hobo; these simple little things are what I think of as heroic. They are done by ordinary people, in a quiet unobtrusive way, and to commit these acts it requires compassion and love and respect. And they are far more heroic and necessary than any world-record sporting achievement. And they cannot be measured in dollars and cents. the wind and rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch. That was a relatively easy image to think of because Billy was escaping the violence of his home life. Yeah, thats fine, but what about BELONGING!!!!  I think a closer understanding of the notion of each characters search for an identity and for a place in the community theyve constructed would be worthwhile. I also think its fair to say that a search for an identity can be related to the idea of wanting to belong to oneself. That is, the search for a conscience you can live with/inhabit. The use of interior monologues throughout gift can be seen as keeping your own community the conversation with yourself (which is the essence of an interior monologue) is an attempt to understand how you belong both in this world, but more importantly, to your sense of self. The Simple Gift, Stephen Herricks narrative poem demonstrates elements of belonging and acceptance through the pain and suffering of rejection, homelessness and dealing with death by the characters Billy, Caitlin and Old Bill. The protagonist Billy Luckett sixteen years of age ventures into the world; leaving home on his own decision. Billy reveals himself as a  reject, a thief; and a troubled character who rejected a restrictive regimented irrelevant education system. The cause of his alienation appears to be physical and psychological abuse from his father, lack of caring from his school and his run down neglected neighborhood with its â€Å"truck still on blocks† â€Å"unmown grass†, â€Å"broken windows† and which he derisively refers to as â€Å"each deadbeat no hoper sh-thole lonely downtrodden house in Longlands Rd, Nowheresville†. All the symbols pointing to a decaying, decrepit, depressing environment. The school also receives a blast from Billy ’s poisonous pen. Why 4:30? Most schools would have emptied two hours earlier, however the rest of the stanza rings true as Billy sets the scene on a windy rainy day with the Principal’s run down car blowing smoke, the rubbish strewn oval, Mr Cheetam (Cheater?) notes on Japan to 26 bored students and Billy self-described as â€Å"one lucky bastard† admitting to have ‘stolen’ the lipstick used for his graffiti. He leaves an elliptical epithet: Billy Luckett rhymes with revealing his frustration through a loss of words Another evocative portrait is reminiscences in the poem sport in chapter one. The pain and suffering’ of soulless tyranny endured by him from the old bastard his father. This technique of expletive language is used to depict the poor relationship he shared with his father he gave me one backhander I felt the blood† and his attitude toward the world hes living in. Whilst catching a train, uncertain where the train will take him, bad weather, wind and rain recalls the violent significant memory of his father with the forces of a fathers punch. The metaphoric terms further reveal Billys harsh living environment he is seeking to escape. Herrick induces us to feel empathy rather than antagonism to the protagonist. This is accomplished through the intimate use of language, changing perspectives and personal anecdotes. Ernies train whistle symbolises the beginning of Billys new life contrasted favourably by Ernie’s ‘not bossing you around’. His next positive role model is Irene, Bendarat’s Librarian, who welcomes him and encourages him to borrow books. Billy faces many obstacles or challenges in his new environment, such as lack of accommodation and food, because he has no income. An old train carriage becomes the protagonists new accommodation while he feeds off scraps of leftover food at McDonalds where he catches the attention of Caitlin. Another self imposed exile is, Old Bill, who suffers trauma due to  the loss of his daughter Jessie, after an incident of Jessie falling out of a tree. This led Old Bill to ‘homelessness’ as his home reminds him too much of his daughter, which eventually brings him to the streets turning to alcohol to relieve the pain. After this loss, Old Bills pain and suffering that he endured means he doesnt care much about life. Billy and Old Bill developed a friendship and sense of camaraderie as he treats Old Bill as his father figure. I like the kidI like his company contrasts the lack of love and relationship between Billy and his real father. Old Bill’s emotive language as he explained to Billy and I fell with her, and Ive been falling ever since emphasizes hes still not over it. The bond of friendship is important, it emphasizes the strength in ones relationship, yet it doesnt grieve nor boast but helps one another through rough tough times, which is portrayed as Old Bill becomes less alcoholic, and slowly recovers from the loss of his daughter as he experiences life that we planned. Growth in maturity is shown as both of the two protagonists show signs of growth as they help each other. Billys growth is demonstrated as he becomes a different individual from the beginning of the narrative poem showing positive thinking â€Å"sure theres hope in the worldeven for hobos like us. Whilst Old Bills relationship with Billy and Caitlin, Old Bill’s view of the world slowly starts to change, as the protagonist reduces his consumption of alcohol and ventures to achieve plans that were made with Jessie. While Old Bill demonstrates the symbolism of A Simple Gift when he gave his keys to his old home to Caitlin and Billy. Caitlin also feels as a misfit in her affluent society. She feels discomfort in her uniform, her school, and her luxurious home due to a whispering in her heart that it is all false, superficial, affected and pretentious, so she escapes by slumming it, looking for real values to replace the artificial ones in her world. She is attracted to Billy because of his self assurance and his genuine intelligence. It is the interaction between these three characters and the sharing of gifts, coffee and food, that unites them against a cold, callous and uncaring society. As St Francis of Assisi says â€Å"For it is in giving that we receive†. This narrative novel/poem/drama (?) is very successful and appeals to young people. In a recent poll it was voted the best drama in Australia despite the fact that is generally categorised as a narrative poem. It is fairly realistic and  credible though there are parts that stretch the imagination. Caitlin comes across a bit contrived but her portrayal is plausible. There are many reasons for individuals to venture into the world as the text The Simple Gift shows to achieve self-reliance and independence, even so, many individuals personality in life may change as they experience parts of life first hand. Many would like to experience their own mistakes, which is dealt with in texts like â€Å"Ten Things I Hate about You,† Looking for Alibrandi and the Simple Gift yet to find eventually that their perspective was completely opposite. Like most clichà ©s dont judge a book by its cover. The Simple Gift illustrates that gain acceptance from others by uncritically accepting them.

Scripture Analysis :: Religion

Scripture Analysis "It is finished!" John 19:30. What Christ is referring to here is the accomplished salvation of the people. What that means is that when we are saved, we do not have to put out burnt saccrifices up to Him. It is no longer needed because Christ died for us, which took away the iniquities of our sin. He did this out of great love for us. This is exemplified in John 3:16 "For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotton son that who so ever belief in him shall have eternall life!". That verse is very important to us, or should be, because in a way, one could base his/her relationship with the Lord upon it. The reason is because God loved us so much that he did that for us so that is the least that we could do. In Genesis 3:15 it says that we will be punished for our sins. Yes, that is true, but God will forgive and forget them if we repent. You see this is not possible without Jesus dying for our sins. In Romans 5:6-8 it says that Christ died for all of us. Even the bad ones, ALL. This is a sign of the Victory that Christ had won a victory here. The reason is because of all of the lives that he saved and will later be saved. In Romans 5 it says that Jesus died for All Sinners! We are all sinners so his death was for all. When Jesus says that "It is finished", he can also be reffering to the older predictions of Christs' life. There is one in particular that it might have been talking about in Isaiah. That is the one in which Isaiah talks of the life of Jesus and the crucifiction, in very short and brief detail. The suffering in which Jesus took for us lasted all through the night, and then in the morning the thrusted a sword into His side to see if he was alive. After the water poored out of His side, you can say that it is officially over. In my heart it is not completely over, just that of that era. Jesus will always live in my heart and not until the very end times is it over in my heart. When the life of Jesus was over, at the same exact time God tore the

Matrimonial Rights of Women Essay

Islamic law is a very great jurisprudence worldwide, Islamic law is defined as the law according to the Muslim faith and as interpreted from the Quran also known as Sharia law. The sacred law of Islam is an all-embracing body of religious duties, the totality of Allah’s commands that regulate the life of every Muslim in all its aspects. Important feature of Muslim law is the fact that there is no clear separation of Mosque (is a place of worship for followers of Islam) and state. Under Islamic law, the religion of Islam and the government are one. Islamic law is controlled, ruled and regulated by the Islamic religion; a theocracy. Islamic law purports to regulate all public and private behavior including personal hygiene, diet, sexual conduct, and child rearing. Islamic law now prevails in countries all over the Middle East and elsewhere covering 20 per cent of the world’s population. Despite its relative inflexibility, in some ways, Islamic law is superior to other systems of law, such as the preference given to arbitration in civil disputes. Islamic law composed of following elements * Sharia: * Quran * Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (generally known as Hadith) * Sunnah, literally means path. * The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad consists of his sayings, actions, approval and disapprovals. * ?Fiqh: * Collection of juridical opinions given by various jurists as they pondered over the day-to-day application of Sharia * ?Fatwa: * Legal opinions (typically non-binding) issued by qualified jurists. * Usually provided as an answer to a specific question. Sharia is based on wisdom and achieving people’s welfare in this life and the afterlife. Sharia is all about justice, mercy, wisdom, and good. Thus, any ruling that replaces justice with injustice, mercy with its opposite, common good with mischief, or wisdom with nonsense is a ruling that does not belong to the Sharia even it is claimed to be so according to some interpretations. The main criticism on Islamic law from the western society is â€Å"Islamic law discriminates women’s rights†. Western society has identified so many women’s right violating incidents occurred in the countries which practices Islamic law or the countries which identify themselves as an Islamic republic. For example the following incidents could be recognized as the discriminatory aspect of Islamic law. Traditionally, the Muslim woman marries at a young age to a man of her father’s choice. A husband is entitled to divorce any time, even against his wife’s will, by merely declaring verbally that this is his intention.Although the image of the egalitarian woman is slowly developing within some more secular Arab states, it remains largely confined to urban centers and upper-class circles. Ritual sexual mutilation of females is still common in rural areas of Egypt, Libya, Oman and Yemen. According to the UN, â€Å"utilization of Arab women’s capabilities through political and economic participation remains the lowest in the world in quantitative terms†¦.In some countries with elected national assemblies, women are still denied the right to vote or hold office. And one in every two Arab women can neither read nor write.† Wife-beating is a relatively common practice in Arab countries, and abused women have little recourse. As the State Department has noted regarding Jordan (and most of the Arab world): â€Å"Wife beating is technically grounds for divorce, but the husband may seek to demonstrate that he has authority from the Quran to correct an irreligious or disobedient wife by striking her.† Abstraction of all above issues points out that most of the restriction on Muslim women connected with their marital life. A patriarchy family system has been formed through Islamic norms and values. however Islamic legal experts and scholars denies the above statement and they strongly argue that Islamic law grants much wider rights to women’s especially in case of marriage life the Islamic women enjoys much wider rights other than non Islamic women’s. Now let’s analyze myths and facts regarding the matrimonial right s provided under the Islamic law. First of all let’s see how Islamic laws treat gender equality. â€Å"And women shall have rights similar to the rights upon them in a just and equitable manner; but men have a degree over them† (Holy Quran2:228). Interpretation given for the above verse by Islamic scholars is the rights of the wives in relation to their husbands are equal to their obligations toward their husbands but men in their obligations toward their wives stand a step further The â€Å"step further† of which the Quran speaks is not a position of greater rank or nobility. The â€Å"step† the Quran makes reference to is the obligatory duty given to the man in the care of the woman; it is not a degree of superiority. Allah ordained men with the responsibility to preserve and solely sustain women. The â€Å"step further† is in no way a form of dominance or preferment. The Quran consistently makes reference to equity, parity, and equilibrium among the genders. It disposes of genders and makes no distinction whatsoever between the superiority or inferiority of men and women. On the contrary, it is the piety of a person that distinguishes him or her by ranks or degrees, not gender or lineage. As stated in this verse â€Å"step further† husband duty bound to maintain his wife, Now let’s see how does Shariah law ensures the Right to Maintenance of a wife. The duty to maintain a wife is the sole responsibility of a husband under Islamic Law. This can be seen in the Quran where it states that: â€Å"Men shall take full care of women with the bounties which Allah has bestowed more abundantly on the former (men, with several special merits) than on the latter (women) , also because they spend a part of (their wealth) to maintain them†¦.† This command is further strengthened by a number of Hadith as follows: Prophet said the following concerning women,   Ã¢â‚¬  And their rights which are your responsibility is to feed and clothed them in accordance to their needs† Hence, from the above it is the duty and responsibility of a husband to support his wife from the day he married her. This responsibility continues as long as they are married to each other. Upon divorce, a husband has to maintain his wife during the iddah period which is approximately 3 months. After the 3 months is completed, a husband may no longer have to support her. Apart from maintenance a woman is also entitled to mutaah (consolidation payment upon divorce) and matrimonial property (harta sepencarian) In case of Maintenance Srilankan Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act provides that any claim for maintenance by or on behalf of a wife, legitimate child or illegitimate child (where both parents are Muslims) falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Quazi. A Muslim woman’s right to maintenance during marriage is derived from the concept of nafaqa, which encompasses the provision of basic needs such as food, clothing and accommodation to the wife. In contrast to the Maintenance Act, the husband has the primary obligation of providing support and a wife’s own financial means are irrelevant in determining her claim for maintenance. Maintenance after divorce is not recognized under Muslim personal law. However, the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act provide three situations in which a divorced wife may claim maintenance: 1. until registration of the divorce; 2. During iddat (the period of time that a divorced wife must remain unmarried); and 3. If such woman is pregnant at the time of registration of the divorce, until she delivers the child. A wife who leaves her husband’s house without valid and sufficient reason is not entitled to claim maintenance from her husband under section 21 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Ordinance. In the case of Seyed Mohamed V. Mohamed Ali Lebbe Court held that â€Å"When the woman abandons the conjugal domicile without any valid reason she is not entitled to maintenance. Simple refractoriness, as has been popularly supposed, does not lead to a forfeiture of her right But if she were to leave the house against his will without any valid reason, she would lose her right, but would recover it on her return to the conjugal domicile. What is a valid and sufficient reason for the wife to leave the husband’s home is a matter for the discretion of the Judge. As a general principle a wife who leaves her husband’s house on account of his or his relations’ continued ill-treatment of her†¦. continues entitled to her maintenance â€Å". Custody of the child Shariah law give priority to women’s in case of custody of child, One of the key relevant hadith is the following:, a woman came to the Prophet and said: ‘Truly my belly served as a container for my son here, and my breast served as a skin-bag for him (to drink out of) and my bosom served as a refuge for him; and now his father has divorced me, and he (also) desires to take him away from me.’ The Prophet said: ‘You have a better right to have him, as long as you do not marry again. From this hadith we could arrive a clear understanding that in case of child custody the Mother has the priority. However, if the mother marries again she would generally forfeit her right to custody. This concept in custody which favors to mothers has been adopted in several legal systems which include Muslim law as a personal law. For example in India the first and foremost right to have the custody of children belongs to the mother and she cannot be deprived of her right so long as she is not found guilty of misconduct. Mother has the right of custody so long as she is not disqualified. This right is known as right of hizanat (custody) and it can be enforced against the father or any other person. The mother’s right of hizanat was solely recognized in the interest of the children and in no sense it is an absolute right. Srilankan legal system also follows similar phenomena in regarding the custody of Muslim child which ensures the priority of the mother to keep her children under her custody even without the consent of her husband. In re Wappu Marikar case Wood Renton CJ stated that according to Shafii school, the custody of a girl remains with the mother, not merely until puberty, but till she is actually married; and in the case of a boy, till completion of his seventh year at all events, and from thence until puberty he may place himself under either parent whom he chooses. This case is a clear example to quote that srilankan Muslim law provides a wide safeguard to women’s in regarding the custody of child. Rights on matrimonial property Shariah law clearly defines the rights of women on property. The Muslim woman has always had the right to own and manage her own property. Marriage in Islam does not mean that the man takes over the woman’s property, nor does she automatically have the right to all his property if he dies. Both are still regarded as individual people with responsibilities to other members of their family – parents, brothers, sisters etc. The husband has the duty to support and maintain the wife, as stated in the Qur’an, and this is held to be so even if she is rich in her own right. He has no right to expect her to support herself, let alone support his children or him. If she does contribute to the household income this is regarded as a charitable deed on her part. Because of their greater financial responsibilities, some categories of male relations, according to the inheritance laws in the Qur’an, inherit twice the share of their female equivalents, but others, whose responsibilities are likely to be less, inherit the same share -mothers and fathers, for instance are each entitled to one sixth of the estate of their children, after bequests (up to one third of the estate) and payment of debts. Women are thus well provided for their husband’s support them, and they inherit from all their relations. They are allowed to engage in business or work at home or outside the house, so long as the family does not suffer, and the money they make is their own, with no calls on it from other people until their death. â€Å"Men shall have their share of that which they have earned, and women a share of that which they have earned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Quran4:33) From the above verse from Quran married women’s are treated sole owners of their property husband cannot claim any part of her property while marriage exist of dissolved. Moreover Upon marriage the husband is required to give his wife a mahr (dowry) which then becomes her exclusive property. A woman can work for financial gain, without any obligation on her part to contribute to the household expenses. Islam also gives her inheritance rights, making it a requirement for women to get their determined share. Two significant features regarding Muslim women matrimonial property are Mahr and Kaikuli. Mahr is like dowry in other communities which is demand by bride and provided by groom when marriage is solemnized. Mahr is a sole property of wife and husband did not have any interest on mahr property. Even after the dissolution of marriage husband cannot claim the mahr from wife but if there any balance has to be settled on agreed mahr the wife could claim that balance mahr after the dissolution of marriage. kaikuli means any sum of money paid or other movable property given or any sum of money or any movable property promised to paid or given, to a bridegroom for the use of bride, before or at the time of marriage by a relative of bride or by any other person. Husband has the ownership of kaikuli property but he is liable to pay it over to the wife if she demands it, even during the subsistence of the marriage. The obligation is to return the property to his wife whenever she demands it or, if she dies, to her heirs. Rights on marriage and divorce. Marriage in Islam is viewed as an important and sacred union between a man and woman that fulfills half of one’s religious obligations. A well-known passage in the Quran discusses marriage as follows: â€Å"Among His signs is that He created for you spouses from yourselves so that you might find repose with them. And He has placed between you affection and mercy. In that there are certainly signs for people who reflect.† (Quran 30:21). Marriage requirements There are basic requirements for marriage in Islam. First, a couple must mutually consent to the marriage. This requires both a clear proposal and acceptance. A woman also must have a WALI or legal guardian present during the process. If a WALI is not present a woman must be past puberty and competent to make the decision to marry. Brides are also entitled to a dowry that is typically negotiated at the same time as the marriage contract. The dowry is specifically a gift showing love and devotion to the bride. There are two types of dowries a bride is entitled to: the mahr and the MUAKHR, first, the mahr is the dowry given to the bride at the time of marriage before consummation takes place. She is not required to share this dowry and is free to do what she wishes with the gift. The bride is often asked her opinion to make sure she receives a gift she enjoys. MUAKHR is the second type of dowry that is given upon the death of the husband or the couple’s divorce. This is also referred to as the â€Å"deferred† dowry. MUAKHR is meant for both financial support and as a large consequence that the couple should consider when contemplating divorce. In situations of death, this amount is paid out before the estate is divided. If the estate cannot cover the entire amount, the wife is entitled to collect the amount from the husband’s surviving family members who are also heirs to the estate. She can also waive the obligation for any reason, including hardship on her husband’s family. Polygamy The most controversial topic in Islamic law is polygamy some critics say this concept is is a distinct violation of married women rights. However now let’s analyze what Islamic law says about polygamy and polyandry ‘If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four; but if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or (a captive) that your right hands possess, that will be more suitable, to prevent you from doing injustice’. (Quran 4:3) Historically, the practice of polygamy existed before Islam without restrictions. Islam limited the number of wives to four and established clear rules and regulations for the practice to ensure fair treatment of each wife. Polygamy is an option and not a requirement in Islam. As was mentioned earlier, Muslims must follow the laws of the land that they live in as long as it does not contradict the requirements of the faith. Polyandry, or marrying more than one husband, is not permitted to maintain the children’s lineage for purposes of inheritance and protect children’s rights as heirs. Monogamy is the normal practice in the majority of Muslim communities due to the financial and emotional burden it carries. Divorce TALAQ is the word, used in Islamic law for divorce. It is an Arabic word and means â€Å"set free†. It is only in unavoidable circumstances that TALAQ is permitted as a lawful method to bring marriage contract to an end Requirements for divorce in Shariah Law 1. He or she must have reached puberty and be capable of making a decision 2. He or she must be sane, conscious, alert, and free from intoxication or anger 3. He or she must be free from external pressure 4. His or her intention must be clear Divorce must take place after the wife’s menstrual period and no sexual relations have occurred since her period ended. If all the above factors are present, either the husband or wife can pursue a divorce or they can pursue a divorce jointly and amicably. In SriLanka Muslim marriage and divorce act provides clear guide line for the marriage and divorce procedure for Muslims. Most of the provisions in this act accordance with shariah law. In case of consent of the bride did not taken in account for marriage, consent of the bride is deliberate through the WALI (guardian of bride). This provision seems to be a clear violation of women’s right however he movement for Muslim personal law reforms in Sri Lanka from a feminist perspective has been spearheaded by the Muslim Women’s Research and Action Forum (MWRAF), a small group of professional Muslim women continuously emphasis the legislation to bring changes to ensure that the consent of both parties are obtained as an essential condition of a Muslim marriage and to make provision for the bride’s signature, given the fact that there is no space for her signature in the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Form and it is the wali or marriage guardian who conveys her consent on her behalf. However this recommendation has not been taken account by the legislation yet. In case of divorce, second schedule of Muslim marriage and divorce act defines the steps to get a divorce by women which obviously accordance with Muslim Shariah Law. Eventually the authority of implementing the divorce is vest ed with the Quazi. Conclusion Sharia has certain laws which are regarded as divinely ordained, concrete and timeless for all relevant situations. It also has certain laws which are extracted based on principles established by Islamic lawyers and judges. The sharia as interpreted by Islamic lawmakers is believed by Muslims to be merely a human approximation of the true Sharia, which is understood as the divine and eternal correct path. In deriving Sharia law, Islamic lawmakers are not, therefore, actually creating divinely correct or incorrect actions beyond question, but rather attempting to interpret divine principles. Hence Sharia in general is considered divine, but a lawyer’s or judge’s extraction or opinion on a given matter is not, though the process and intention to refer to Allah’s law is divinely sanctioned Muslim laws developed from the shariah law are not merely reflecting shariah principles. It purely based on circumstances, traditions, communal influences and etc. as I stated earlier most of the critics from western society comments that shariah law lays some savage rules regarding women’s. But actually Islamic laws are the pioneer laws which grant wider rights to women’s. this article could only analyze the matrimonial rights grant to Muslim women’s by shariah law apart from this rights shariah laws has given adequate rights on each social activities for women’s. Islam provides rigid guide lines for pleasant domesticity. In Quran most of command orders the men to safeguard the women and to provide them all necessary rights and to treat hem equally. One of my favorite quotes in Quran is â€Å"The most honored of you [male] in the sight of Allah is he who is most righteous of you†: (49:13). Interpretation given by Islamic scholars for â€Å"righteous† is â€Å"maintaining the wife with equal rights† from this verse we could realize how far the Islamic shariah law ensures matrimonial rights of women. Srilankan Muslim law is Constructed from Muslim social and communal structure which consist Islamic shariah law as a core part of it. SriLanka Muslim law deals with almost all social conduct of Muslims. Most of the matrimonial disputes arises in Muslim families has been amicably solved by Quazi courts which operates under Muslim marriage and divorce act. As we have discussed earlier part of this article srilankan Muslim law tries to ensure the married women right and it bound to operate within the criteria of shariah law. However the core concept of shariah law is to prevent party (husband and wife) from exceeding their limits. I had an interview with a Quazi judge who had come across more than 3000 of matrimonial disputes he stated that â€Å"Muslim Marriage and divorce act bound by shariah law is primarily intended to bring a peaceful settlement regarding family issues. It provide safeguard to the married women for an extend, but we are required to act in moral manner which should give remedies for the weaker party (mostly women’s). Moreover most of the divorce application initiated by women’s and their husband are duty bound to provide adequate financial support to them even after dissolution of marriage this is a very essential safeguard for women’s. As per the Muslim law, matrimonial properties of women are entirely belonging to her. Even though I wish some changes should be brought in Muslim law regarding the consent of bride at the time of marriage and the duties of register when he registers a second marriage† -M.I. Abdul Qader Quazi Judge Akkaraipattu From the above statement we could understand Srilankan Muslim law has given matrimonial rights to a Muslim women for an extend. But it should be amended to meet the needs of modern era therefore government should take essential steps to find put the contemporary life style of Muslim people and Srilankan Muslim Law has Amend according to satisfy the modern need of the people. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Ibn al Qayyim (One Islamic Scholar, d. 1347) [ 2 ]. Arab Human Development Report 2002, NY: UN, 2002. [ 3 ]. U.S. State Department, Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999. [ 4 ]. Quran: Surah An?Nisa’:3 [ 5 ]. Riwayat Musli [ 6 ]. sec 34,35,36 and 38(2) of MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE (MUSLIM) act [Cap. 134 [ 7 ]. S. C. 565-Board of Kathis Appeal 488 [ 8 ]. 14 NLR 225 [ 9 ]. (Qur’an 4:11) [ 10 ]. sec 47 & 64 of Muslim marriage and divorce act. [ 11 ]. Sowdoona v. Muees 1[(1955) 57 N. L. R. 75; 53 C. L. W. 47.] [ 12 ]. Abu Dawoud, a companion of the Prophet, reported the following: Omair al-Asdee was reported as saying: ‘When I accepted Islam, I was married to eight wives. I discussed this with the Prophet Muhammad who said: â€Å"Keep four only, and divorce the other four.† [ 13 ]. See Hammudah Abd al Ati, Family Structure in Islam 54-56 (American Trust Publications 1977). [ 14 ]. sec29(4) of muslim marriage and divorce act.